Pitfalls in Language Models for Code Intelligence: A Taxonomy and Survey

Modern language models (LMs) have been successfully employed in source code generation and understanding, leading to a significant increase in research focused on learning-based code intelligence, such as automated bug repair, and test case generation. Despite their great potential, language models for code intelligence (LM4Code) are susceptible to potential pitfalls, which hinder realistic performance and further impact their reliability and applicability in real-world deployment. Such challenges drive the need for a comprehensive understanding - not just identifying these issues but delving into their possible implications and existing solutions to build more reliable language models tailored to code intelligence. Based on a well-defined systematic research approach, we conducted an extensive literature review to uncover the pitfalls inherent in LM4Code. Finally, 67 primary studies from top-tier venues have been identified. After carefully examining these studies, we designed a taxonomy of pitfalls in LM4Code research and conducted a systematic study to summarize the issues, implications, current solutions, and challenges of different pitfalls for LM4Code systems. We developed a comprehensive classification scheme that dissects pitfalls across four crucial aspects: data collection and labeling, system design and learning, performance evaluation, and deployment and maintenance. Through this study, we aim to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners, facilitating their understanding and utilization of LM4Code in reliable and trustworthy ways

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Development history, current situation and prospect of international vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil

Vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is one of the biodegradable lubricants. With the strengthening of environmental awareness, especially in the context of the increasingly serious pollution of the marine environment by mineral oil used in ships, people are increasingly aware that the pollution of mineral oil-based hydraulic oil to the environment is very serious, and many solutions have been proposed. The use of biodegradable plant-based hydraulic oil instead of traditional mineral oil-based hydraulic oil can fundamentally solve the pollution of marine hydraulic oil to the marine environment. The development of vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil in the world is systematically summarized, including its material composition, physical and chemical properties. By analysing its practical prospect and future development direction, it is concluded that vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is the most environmentally friendly hydraulic oil in the future shipbuilding, industrial manufacturing and other industries, and it is the development trend of “green shipping” in China in the future

Development history, current situation and prospect of international vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil

Vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is one of the biodegradable lubricants. With the strengthening of environmental awareness, especially in the context of the increasingly serious pollution of the marine environment by mineral oil used in ships, people are increasingly aware that the pollution of mineral oil-based hydraulic oil to the environment is very serious, and many solutions have been proposed. The use of biodegradable plant-based hydraulic oil instead of traditional mineral oil-based hydraulic oil can fundamentally solve the pollution of marine hydraulic oil to the marine environment. The development of vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil in the world is systematically summarized, including its material composition, physical and chemical properties. By analysing its practical prospect and future development direction, it is concluded that vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is the most environmentally friendly hydraulic oil in the future shipbuilding, industrial manufacturing and other industries, and it is the development trend of “green shipping” in China in the future

Neural correlates of appearance-based social comparison: The modulating effects of body dissatisfaction and person perspective

Appearance-based social comparison has been found to be both a risk and maintenance factor for body dissatisfaction. However, the brain mechanism involved in appearance-based social comparison has rarely been investigated. Utilizing ecologically valid pictorial stimuli depicting fat and thin female bodies, the current study investigated the temporal dynamics of brain activity underlying upward social comparison (viewing fat bodies) and downward social comparison (viewing slim bodies) as well as the modulating effects of body dissatisfaction and person perspective (with cues of &quot;I am. her&quot; or &quot;She is. me&quot;). Thirty-one young women participated in this study, during which they compared their own body sizes with the ones presented on the screen while their EEGs were recorded. The results showed that downward comparison elicited larger N1 amplitudes than upward comparison, suggesting an attentional vigilance to fat bodies during early processing stages in downward comparison. However, these effects were only obtained in the first-person perspective. Meanwhile, women with great body dissatisfaction showed initial attentional orienting biases toward fatness-related stimuli, which was indexed by the N2 components. During the late processing stages, upward comparison was processed faster and finished earlier than downward comparison. The modulating effects of body dissatisfaction were observed during the late processing stages as indexed by late positive components, suggesting an attentional maintenance on fat bodies and attentional avoidance of attractive thin bodies. Furthermore, compared with the first-person perspective, enhanced processing of both types of female bodies in the third-person perspective was observed during late processing stages. The current observations indicate patterns of hypervigilance-maintenance processing of fat bodies underlying downward comparison as well as hypervigilance-avoidance processing of slim bodies underlying upward comparison. Enhanced brain sensitivity to and attentional maintenance on fat body shapes might be important neural mechanisms that underlie body dissatisfaction or even body image disturbance among young women.</p

Differences in Response of Butterfly Diversity and Species Composition in Urban Parks to Land Cover and Local Habitat Variables

Background and Objectives: As urbanisation is a significant global trend, there is a profound need for biodiversity protection in urban ecosystems. Moreover, the potential of urban green space to support urban biodiversity should be appreciated. Butterflies are environmental indicators that are sensitive to urbanisation. Therefore, it is important to identify butterfly distribution patterns and the factors influencing butterfly diversity and species composition in urban parks within cities. Research Highlights: To our knowledge, ours is the first study evaluating the effects of both land cover and local habitat features on butterfly species composition in urban parks of Beijing, China. Materials and Methods: In this study, we surveyed butterfly richness and abundance in 28 urban parks in Beijing, China. The parks differed in age and location in the urban area. Meanwhile, we investigated the green space in the surroundings of the parks at multi-spatial scales at the landscape level. We also investigated local park characteristics including the age of the park (Age), perimeter/area ratio of the park (SQPRA), area of the park (ha) (Area), green space cover within the park (Greenp), nectar plant species richness (Necpl), abundance of flowering nectar plants (Necabu) and overall plant species richness (Pl). Generalised linear models (GLMs) and redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) were applied to relate butterfly diversity and butterfly species composition to environmental variables, respectively. Results: We recorded 3617 individuals belonging to 26 species from July to September in 2019. Parks on the city fringe had significantly higher butterfly diversity. Butterfly species richness was mostly related to total plant richness. The abundance of flowering nectar plants was closely linked to butterfly abundance. Land cover had little impact on butterfly diversity and community structure in urban parks. Conclusions: Once a park has sufficient plants and nectar resources, it becomes a useful haven for urban butterflies, regardless of the surrounding land cover. Well-planned urban parks focused on local habitat quality support butterfly conservation

Study on the Targeted Improvement Mechanism of the Carrier Concentration and Mobility of BiCuSeO Ceramics

BiCuSeO has great application prospects in thermoelectric power generation and thermoelectric catalysis, but it is limited by its lower thermoelectric performance. Herein, BiCuSeO bulk materials were prepared using a solid-phase reaction method and a ball-milling method combined with spark plasma sintering, and then the thermoelectric properties were improved by synergistically increasing carrier concentration and mobility. Al was adopted to dope into the BiCuSeO matrix, aiming to adjust the carrier mobility through energy band adjustment. The results show that Al doping would widen the bandgap and enhance the carrier mobility of BiCuSeO. After Al doping, the thermoelectric properties of the material are improved in the middle- and high-temperature range. Based on Al doping, Pb is adopted as the doping element to dope BiCuSeO to modify the carrier concentration. The results show that Al/Pb dual doping in the BiCuSeO matrix can increase the carrier concentration under the premise of increasing carrier mobility. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of BiCuSeO can be improved while maintaining a large Seebeck coefficient. The power factor of Al/Pb doping reached ~7.67 μWcm−1K−2 at 873 K. At the same time, the thermal conductivity of all doped samples within the test temperature range maintained a low level (−1K−1). Finally, the ZT value of the Al/Pb-doped BiCuSeO reached ~1.14 at 873 K, which is ~2.72 times that of the pure phase, and the thermoelectric properties of the matrix were effectively improved